~~prepared By Somu~~
Saturday, 13 August 2022
Bruguiera cylindrica
Distribution and habitat:-
Bruguiera cylindrica is found in tropical Asia, from India and Sri Lanka through Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia and New Guinea to Queensland, Australia.
It is one of the commonest mangroves in Singapore.
Bruguiera cylindrica is found on new deposits of silt, often behind other mangroves such as Avicennia which are more salt tolerant.
Unlike some other mangroves, it does not regenerate easily from broken off branches.
Ecology:-
Mangrove swamps are habitats with great biodiversity. There are a large number of marine invertebrates associated with mangolds including sponges, ascidians, molluscs, shrimps and crabs and also a number of fish and birds. Many terrestrial insects visit mangroves including herbivores, parasites and predators
Uses:-
The timber of Bruguiera cylindrica is dense, reddish and strong and is used in construction. It is used for parts of the hull and, especially, for the keel of canoes in the Maldive Islands.[ It burns well as firewood and can be converted into charcoal. The crushed bark has an unusual odour which is repulsive to fish and this wood is not therefore used for fish traps. Nevertheless, extracts are made from the pneumatophores which are used in the manufacture of perfume. Parts of the tree are eaten; the root tips are relished in Thailand; the bark supplies a spice and the young shoots are boiled and served as a vegetable.In Maldives the propagules are boiled and eaten as a vegetable in the islands where it grows.
In traditional medicine, the skin of the fruit is used to stop bleeding and the leaves are used to lower blood pressure.
Applications of remote sensing in Coastal management
Coastal ecosystems exhibit extreme changes in areal extent, spatial complexity, and temporal variability. Therefore, protecting the ecosystems requires the ability to evaluate and monitor these features at high resolution. Remote sensors measure these changes at appropriate scales, which is crucial for the economic development and restoration of the coastal zones because of their rich natural resources and vulnerable ecosystems.
1. Coastal habitat studies
Coastal habitat consists of the coastal reefs, and knowledge of the conditions of the coastal reefs is useful in protecting the fragile ecosystem through preventative measures. Coral reef features such as degraded reef can easily be mapped out by remote sensing. In preserving the ecosystems there are protected areas. Remote sensors monitor such areas to assess the impact of conservation measures.
2. Protecting the shoreline
The major requirements of remote sensing in coastal management are understanding the coastal processes such as sea-level changes, erosion, and deposition that modify the shoreline. Thus, accurate information collected on the changes in the shoreline help in analyzing the coastal. Processes are occurring.
3. Mapping coastal wetlands and watersheds
Remote sensors can monitor how the land cover is changing in coastal watersheds. In determining that, it is possible to predict the amount and type of runoff into rivers, bays, and estuaries and how these ecosystems will be affected.
4. Ocean chlorophyll and productivity monitoring
Coastal waters are large and complex, making it difficult to monitor them with ships alone. Remote sensing is cost-effective in such areas where key properties such as ocean color and productivity are acquired.
5. Monitoring Sea surface temperature
Accurate observations on sea surface temperature are crucial in coastal management. Sea surface temperature is necessary for the estimation of the source of heat at the air-sea boundary.
6. Monitoring sea surface salinity
The salinity of the sea surface is crucial in determining the water balance globally, estimation of the evaporation rates, and understanding ocean currents. Low sea surface salinity is an indicator of freshwater sources.
7.Detecting and tracking oil spills
Oil spills are destructive to both marine life and wetlands habitat. Remote sensors provide information for tracking and predicting the future movement of oil spilled reliably, helping rescue efforts that include skimming vessels and protective booms.
8. Modelling coastal process
Remote sensors monitor and evaluate coastal changes and come up with interventions within and across the shore to arrive at more desirable ends while managing the coastal zones.
9. Assessing marine water quality
Remote sensors detect discharge of sewage, land use, sea dumping, and maritime transport. This helps the remote sensors father the nutrient load in the coastal waters and the possibility of pollutants in the water.
10. Tracking Marine fishery
Remote sensors provide a basic understanding of aquatic systems. This can track marine animal movements and migration. Fishing is also important, and the assessment of stock is crucial in conserving marine living resources. Accurate information on marine living resources is required in achieving the full potential of the commercial fishery.
~~Prepared by Somu~~
Wednesday, 6 May 2020
Monday, 4 May 2020
Wednesday, 23 October 2019
Monday, 9 September 2019
RIVER JHELUM OF INDUS RIVER SYSTEM
Indus River
- India got her name from Indus.
- ‘The Indus Valley Civilization’ was born around this river.
- It flows in north-west direction from its source (Glaciers of Kailas Range – Kailash range in Tibet near Lake Manasarovar) till the Nanga Parbhat Range.
- It’s length is about 2,900 km. Its total drainage area is about 1,165,000 square km [more than half of it lies in semiarid plains of Pakistan]. It is joined by Dhar River near Indo-China border.
- After entering J&K it flows between the Ladakh and the Zaskar Ranges. It flows through the regions of Ladakh, Baltistan and Gilgit.
- The gradient of the river in J&K is very gentle (about 30 cm per km).
- Average elevation at which the Indus flows through JK is about 4000 m above sea level.
- It is joined by the Zaskar River at Leh (these kind of points are important for prelims).
- Near Skardu, it is joined by the Shyok at an elevation of about 2,700 m.
- The Gilgit, Gartang, Dras, Shiger, Hunza are the other Himalayan tributaries of the Indus.
- It crosses the Himalayas (ends its mountainous journey) through a 5181 m deep gorge near Attock, lying north of the Nanga Parbat. It takes a sharp southerly bend here (syntaxial bend).
- Kabul river from Afghanistan joins Indus near Attock. Thereafter it flows through the Potwar plateau and crosses the Salt Range (South Eastern edge of Potwar Plateau).
- Some of the important tributaries below Attock include the Kurram, Toch and the Zhob-Gomal.
- Just above Mithankot, the Indus receives from Panjnad (Panchnad), the accumulated waters of the five eastern tributaries—the Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas and the Satluj.
- The river empties into the Arabian Sea south of Karachi after forming a huge delta.
- FISH AND FISHERIES OF INDUS RIVER SYSTEM.
- The major fishes in Indus are Schizopygopsis stoliczkee, L. gontius, Rita buchanani, Sisor rhabdophorm, Exostoma stolicizkae, Trichogaster sp, Nemacheilus spp.ii) River JhelumThe Jhelum originates in the south-eastern part of Kashmir, in a spring at Verinag
- . It flows into the Wular Lake, which lies to the north, and then into Baramula.
- Only a small part of the river Jhelum flows through Jammu and Kashmir.
- Its catchment area upto Indo-Pakistan border is 34,775 km2.
- Fish and fisheries of Jhelum .
- The common fishes found in the river Jhelum include Schizothoraichthys spp, six species of Schizothorax, Diptynchus maculatus, Cyprinus carpio, Labeo dero, Crosscheilus diplochilus, Salmo trutta fario, Glyptosternum reticulatum, Botia birdi and Nemacheilus gracilis, Nemacheilus kashmirensis.
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